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How about the precipitous demise of the Soviet bloc? How about the
rise of Islamic fundamentalism? How about the spread of the Internet?
How about the market crash of 1987 (and the more unexpected recovery)?
Fads, epidemics, fashion, ideas, the emergence of art genres and
schools. All follow these Black Swan dynamics. Literally, just about everything
of significance around you might qualify.
This combination of low predictability and large impact makes the
Black Swan a great puzzle; but that is not yet the core concern of this
book. Add to this phenomenon the fact that we tend to act as if it does not
exist! I don't mean just you, your cousin Joey, and me, but almost all "social
scientists" who, for over a century, have operated under the false belief
that their tools could measure uncertainty. For the applications of the
sciences of uncertainty to real-world problems has had ridiculous effects;
I have been privileged to see it in finance and economics. Go ask your
portfolio manager for his definition of "risk," and odds are that he will
supply you with a measure that excludes the possibility of the Black
Swan鈥攈ence one that has no better predictive value for assessing the total
risks than astrology (we will see how they dress up the intellectual fraud
with mathematics). This problem is endemic in social matters.
* The highly expected not happening is also a Black Swan. Note that, by symmetry,
the occurrence of a highly improbable event is the equivalent of the nonoccurrence
of a highly probable one.
P R O L O G U E xix
The central idea of this book concerns our blindness with respect to
randomness, particularly the large deviations: Why do we, scientists or
nonscientists, hotshots or regular Joes, tend to see the pennies instead of
the dollars? Why do we keep focusing on the minutiae, not the possible
significant large events, in spite of the obvious evidence of their huge influence?
And, if you follow my argument, why does reading the newspaper
actually decrease your knowledge of the world?
It is easy to see that life is the cumulative effect of a handful of significant
shocks. It is not so hard to identify the role of Black Swans, from
your armchair (or bar stool). Go through the following exercise. Look
into your own existence. Count the significant events, the technological
changes, and the inventions that have taken place in our environment
since you were born and compare them to what was expected before their
advent. How many of them came on a schedule? Look into your own personal
life, to your choice of profession, say, or meeting your mate, your
exile from your country of origin, the betrayals you faced, your sudden enrichment
or impoverishment. How often did these things occur according
to plan?
What You Do Not Know
Black Swan logic makes what you don't know far more relevant than
what you do know. Consider that many Black Swans can be caused and
exacerbated by their being unexpected.
Think of the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001: had the risk been
reasonably conceivable on September 10, it would not have happened. If
such a possibility were deemed worthy of attention, fighter planes would
have circled the sky above the twin towers, airplanes would have had
locked bulletproof doors, and the attack would not have taken place, period.
Something else might have taken place. What? I don't know.
Isn't it strange to see an event happening precisely because it was not
supposed to happen?
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