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Because of the confirmation problem, one can argue that we
know very little about our natural world; we advertise the read books and
forget about the unread ones. Physics has been successful, but it is a narrow
field of hard science in which we have been successful, and people
tend to generalize that success to all science. It would be preferable if we
were better at understanding cancer or the (highly nonlinear) weather
than the origin of the universe.
How Not to Bo a Nerd
Let us dig deeper into the problem of knowledge and continue the comparison
of Fat Tony and Dr. John in Chapter 9. Do nerds tunnel, meaning,
do they focus on crisp categories and miss sources of uncertainty? Remember
from the Prologue my presentation of Platonification as a top-down
focus on a world composed of these crisp categories. *
Think of a bookworm picking up a new language. He will learn, say,
Serbo-Croatian or !Kung by reading a grammar book cover to cover, and
memorizing the rules. He will have the impression that some higher grammatical
authority set the linguistic regulations so that nonlearned ordinary
people could subsequently speak the language. In reality, languages grow
* This idea pops up here and there in history, under different names. Alfred North
Whitehead called it the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness," e.g., the mistake of
confusing a model with the physical entity that it means to describe.
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organically; grammar is something people without anything more exciting
to do in their lives codify into a book. While the scholastic-minded will
memorize declensions, the a-Platonic nonnerd will acquire, say, Serbo-
Croatian by picking up potential girlfriends in bars on the outskirts of
Sarajevo, or talking to cabdrivers, then fitting (if needed) grammatical
rules to the knowledge he already possesses.
Consider again the central planner. As with language, there is no grammatical
authority codifying social and economic events; but try to convince
a bureaucrat or social scientist that the world might not want to
follow his "scientific" equations. In fact, thinkers of the Austrian school,
to which Hayek belonged, used the designations tacit or implicit precisely
for that part of knowledge that cannot be written down, but that we
should avoid repressing. They made the distinction we saw earlier between
"know-how" and "know-what"鈥攖he latter being more elusive and
more prone to nerdification.
To clarify, Platonic is top-down, formulaic, closed-minded, self-serving,
and commoditized; a-Platonic is bottom-up, open-minded, skeptical, and
empirical.
The reason for my singling out the great Plato becomes apparent with
the following example of the master's thinking: Plato believed that we
should use both hands with equal dexterity. It would not "make sense"
otherwise. He considered favoring one limb over the other a deformation
caused by the "folly of mothers and nurses." Asymmetry bothered him,
and he projected his ideas of elegance onto reality. We had to wait until
Louis Pasteur to figure out that chemical molecules were either left- or
right-handed and that this mattered considerably.
One can find similar ideas among several disconnected branches
of thinking. The earliest were (as usual) the empirics, whose bottom-up,
theory-free, "evidence-based" medical approach was mostly associated
with Philnus of Cos, Serapion of Alexandria, and Glaucias of Tarentum,
later made skeptical by Menodotus of Nicomedia, and currently wellknown
by its vocal practitioner, our friend the great skeptical philosopher
Sextus Empiricus. Sextus who, we saw earlier, was perhaps the first to discuss
the Black Swan. The empirics practiced the "medical art" without relying
on reasoning; they wanted to benefit from chance observations by
making guesses, and experimented and tinkered until they found something
that worked. They did minimal theorizing.
Their methods are being revived today as evidence-based medicine,
after two millennia of persuasion. Consider that before we knew of bacteHOW
TO LOOK FOR B I R D POOP 1 83
ria, and their role in diseases, doctors rejected the practice of hand washing
because it made no sense to them, despite the evidence of a meaningful decrease
in hospital deaths. Ignaz Semmelweis, the mid-nineteenth-century
doctor who promoted the idea of hand washing, wasn't vindicated until
decades after his death. Similarly it may not "make sense" that acupuncture
works, but if pushing a needle in someone's toe systematically produces
relief from pain (in properly conducted empirical tests), then it
could be that there are functions too complicated for us to understand, so
let's go with it for now while keeping our minds open.
Academic Libertarianism
To borrow from Warren Buffett, don't ask the barber if you need a
haircut鈥攁nd don't ask an academic if what he does is relevant. So I'll end
this discussion of Hayek's libertarianism with the following observation.
As I've said, the problem with organized knowledge is that there is an occasional
divergence of interests between academic guilds and knowledge
itself. So I cannot for the life of me understand why today's libertarians do
not go after tenured faculty (except perhaps because many libertarians are
academics). We saw that companies can go bust, while governments remain.
But while governments remain, civil servants can be demoted and
congressmen and senators can be eventually voted out of office. In academia
a tenured faculty is permanent鈥攖he business of knowledge has permanent
"owners." Simply, the charlatan is more the product of control
than the result of freedom and lack of structure.
Prediction and Free Will
If you know all possible conditions of a physical system you can, in theory
(though not, as we saw, in practice), project its behavior into the future.
But this only concerns inanimate objects. We hit a stumbling block when
social matters are involved. It is another matter to project a future when
humans are involved, if you consider them living beings and endowed
with free will.
If I can predict all of your actions, under given circumstances, then you
may not be as free as you think you are. You are an automaton responding
to environmental stimuli. You are a slave of destiny. And the illusion
of free will could be reduced to an equation that describes the result of interactions
among molecules. It would be like studying the mechanics of a
1 8 4 WE J U S T C A N ' T PREDICT
clock: a genius with extensive knowledge of the initial conditions and the
causal chains would be able to extend his knowledge to the future of your
actions. Wouldn't that be stifling?
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