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They are industrial producers
of the distortion.
The term bias also indicates the condition's potentially quantifiable nature:
you may be able to calculate the distortion, and to correct for it by
taking into account both the dead and the living, instead of only the living.
Silent evidence is what events use to conceal their own randomness,
particularly the Black Swan type of randomness.
Sir Francis Bacon is an interesting and endearing fellow in many respects.
He harbored a deep-seated, skeptical, nonacademic, antidogmatic, and
obsessively empirical nature, which, to someone skeptical, nonacademic,
antidogmatic, and obsessively empirical, like this author, is a quality almost
impossible to find in the thinking business. (Anyone can be skeptical;
any scientist can be overly empirical鈥攊t is the rigor coming from the combination
of skepticism and empiricism that's hard to come by.) The problem
is that his empiricism wanted us to confirm, not disconfirm; thus he
introduced the problem of confirmation, that beastly corroboration that
generates the Black Swan.
THE CEMETERY OF LETTERS
The Phoenicians, we are often reminded, produced no literature, although
they allegedly invented the alphabet. Commentators discuss their philistinism
from the basis of this absence of a written legacy, asserting that by
race or culture, they were more interested in commerce than in the arts.
Accordingly, the Phoenician invention of the alphabet served the lower
purpose of commercial record keeping rather than the more noble purpose
GIACOMO CASANOVA'S UNFAILING LUCK 1 03
of literary production. (I remember finding on the shelves of a country
house I once rented a mildewed history book by Will and Ariel Durant describing
the Phoenicians as the "merchant race." I was tempted to throw
it in the fireplace.) Well, it now seems that the Phoenicians wrote quite a
bit, but using a perishable brand of papyrus that did not stand the
biodegradative assaults of time. Manuscripts had a high rate of extinction
before copyists and authors switched to parchment in the second or third
century. Those not copied during that period simply disappeared.
The neglect of silent evidence is endemic to the way we study comparative
talent, particularly in activities that are plagued with winner-take-all
attributes. We may enjoy what we see, but there is no point reading too
much into success stories because we do not see the full picture.
Recall the winner-take-all effect from Chapter 3: notice the large number
of people who call themselves writers but are (only "temporarily") operating
the shiny cappuccino machines at Starbucks. The inequity in this
field is larger than, say, medicine, since we rarely see medical doctors serving
hamburgers. I can thus infer that I can largely gauge the performance
of the latter profession's entire population from what sample is visible to
me. Likewise with plumbers, taxi drivers, prostitutes, and those in professions
devoid of superstar effects. Let us go beyond the discussion on
Extremistan and Mediocristan in Chapter 3. The consequence of the
superstar dynamic is that what we call "literary heritage" or "literary treasures"
is a minute proportion of what has been produced cumulatively.
This is the first point. How it invalidates the identification of talent can
be derived immediately from it: say you attribute the success of the
nineteenth-century novelist Honor茅 de Balzac to his superior "realism,"
"insights," "sensitivity," "treatment of characters," "ability to keep the
reader riveted," and so on. These may be deemed "superior" qualities that
lead to superior performance //, and only if, those who lack what we call
talent also lack these qualities. But what if there are dozens of comparable
literary masterpieces that happened to perish?
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